
He ran unsuccessfully for U.S. president as an independent in 1992 and fought U.S. ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement.
He ran unsuccessfully for U.S. president as an independent in 1992 and fought U.S. ratification of the North American Free Trade Agreement.
He arranged Nixon's visit (1972) to China, shared (1973) the Nobel Peace Prize for negotiating a cease-fire with North Vietnam, and helped arrange a cease-fire in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War. He has written several books on foreign policy and two volumes of memoirs.
In his successful campaigns for president, Bill Clinton chose Gore as his vice-presidential running mate in 1992 and again in 1996. Gore has sought to draw attention to environmental concerns and to promote the development of nationwide information systems and the streamlining of the federal government.
He served two tours of duty (1962-63, 1968-69) during the Vietnam War and later served in both command (commander, 2d Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, 1976-77; commander, V Corps, Europe, 1986) and political (military assistant to the Deputy Defense Secy., 1979-81, and to the Defense Secy., 1983-86) positions.
From 1987 to 1989 he was President Reagan's national security adviser. In 1989 he was made a four-star general and was appointed chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Powell played an influential role in the planning of U.S. strategy during the Persian Gulf War.
Bob Dole was born in Russell, Kansas, in 1923. A lawyer and Republican, he was elected as U.S. representative from Kansas in 1960 and served four terms. In 1968 he was elected to the U.S. Senate. Dole was Gerald Ford's running mate in Ford's unsuccessful presidential campaign (1976) and campaigned unsuccessfully for the Republican presidential nomination in 1980 and 1988. He has served as Senate majority leader (1985-87, 1995 to 1996) and minority leader (1987-95).
His wife, Elizabeth Hanford Dole, born in Salisbury, North Carolina, in1936, is a lawyer and U.S. government official. A Republican, she was secretary of transportation (1983-89) in the Reagan administration and secretary of labor (1989-91) under President Bush. She became president of the American Red Cross in 1991.
In 1976 he was elected Arkansas attorney general, and in 1978 he won the Arkansas governorship, becoming the nation's youngest governor, but he failed to win reelection in 1980. He ran again in 1982 and won and was reelected twice (1986, 1990). A moderate Democrat, he headed (1990-91) the centrist Democratic Leadership Council.
In 1992 he won the Democratic presidential nomination, and he and running mate Al Gore defeated President George Bush and independent candidate Ross Perot in the presidential election. He won (1993) passage of a national service program and of tax increases and spending cuts to reduce the federal deficit. He also proposed changes in the U.S. health care system that ultimately would provide health insurance coverage to most Americans but was unable to win passage of his plan. In 1994 he sent U.S. forces to Haiti as part of the negotiated restoration of Aristide's presidency.
He is married to Hillary Rodham Clinton, and has one daughter, Chelsea Clinton.
After a spectacularly successful campaign for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination, Carter, although a Southerner and political outsider, narrowly defeated the Republican candidate, President Gerald Ford; his running mate was Walter Mondale.
Carter's presidency was plagued by difficult relations with Congress, which ratified his two Panama Canal treaties (1977) giving eventual control of the canal to Panama, but would not ratify his arms limitation treaty with the Soviet Union (1979). He was successful, however, in effecting (1979) a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel.
During Carter's term of office the U.S. suffered high interest rates, inflation, and then recession, all of which he had little success in controlling. In November 1979 a group of Muslim militants in Teheran, Iran, took some 50 U.S. citizens hostage and held them until January, 1981. Carter's failure to attain their release before the 1980 presidential election contributed to his defeat by Ronald Reagan.
Since leaving office, Carter has been active in human rights issues, often serving internationally as an observer during first-time free elections, and has worked as an international mediator in North Korea, Haiti, Bosnia, and elsewhere. He has also worked with Habitat for Humanity, an organization that helps working-class people build and finance new homes.
In 1988, Bush and running mate Dan Quayle defeated Michael Dukakis in the presidential election. Faced with escalating budget deficits, he abandoned his electoral pledge of "no new taxes" and accepted a tax package that was designed to reduce the deficit but largely failed to do so as recession and an anemic recovery combined to produce the lowest growth rate since the Great Depression.
In foreign affairs, he ordered an invasion of Panama (1989) to depose Manuel Noriega, and in 1990 he committed the U.S. to the reversal of Iraq's invasion of Kuwait, which was achieved (1991) in the Persian Gulf War. Bush signed (1991, 1992, 1993) nuclear Disarmament agreements with the USSR and Russia that called for substantial cuts in nuclear arms and (1992) the North American Free Trade Agreement with Canada and Mexico.
In 1992 he was defeated in his bid for reelection by Democrat Bill Clinton. His eldest son, George Walker Bush, born in 1946 in New Haven, Connecticut, worked in the oil industry and was managing partner (1989-94) of the Texas Rangers baseball team before his election as governor of Texas in 1994.